• 1-30 Technology – the practical use of human knowledge to extend abilities, satisfy needs and wants, and solve problems.

    1-31 Engineer -applies scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop technical solutions for problems facing mankind. 

    2-3 Design process - is a series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a solution to a problem.

    2-4 Design constraints -are conditions that need to happen for a project to be successful. These are the limitations.

    2-5 Obsolete technology - outdated computer hardware, software, or other technology that is no longer used, even if they are in working condition. A technology often becomes obsolete when replaced by newer or better technology.

    2-7 Invention - is a unique device, method, composition, process or discovery that did not exist previously.

          Innovation – An improvement on an existing invention.

    2-10 -Bridge - a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle.

    2-11  Beam bridge -  the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. The beam bridge supports the least amount of weight and is best for short distances.

    2-12 Truss is a framework of one or more triangles constructed with straight members. The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle as seen in a framed roof.

    2-13  Arch bridge -Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have great natural strength. Instead of pushing straight down, the weight of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end.

    2- 18 Suspension bridge -a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by vertical cables suspended from larger cables that run between towers and are anchored in abutments at each end.

    2-19 Cantilever - a horizontal member fixed at one end and free at the other.

    2-20 -Cable-stayed bridge - a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by a number of cables running directly to one or more towers.

    2-21 -Compression - A force that squeezes material together.

             Tension - A force that pulls material apart.

    2-24 Pontoon bridge - a bridge formed from floating units, sometimes boats, tied together in a series.

    2-25 Symmetry -means a mirror image -- one side is the mirror image of the other. Symmetry can occur in any orientation as long as the image is the same on either side of the central axis.

    2-26 Span - Part of a bridge between two supports. The span will often determine the type of bridge that will be built. As the span increases so does the cost.

    2-27 Gusset Plate - A metal plate used to unite multiple structural members of a truss. They may be welded, riveted, or bolted. 

    2-28 - Civil engineer - designs and supervises large construction projects, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.

    3-3 Expansion Joint - A meeting point between two parts of a structure that is designed to allow for movement of the parts due to thermal or moisture factors while protecting the parts from damage. 

    3-4 Civil engineer - designs and supervises large construction projects, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.

    3-5 - Infrastructure -The basic physical systems of a business or nation. Examples include: transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric systems.

    3-6 Structural Engineer – this branch of civil engineering analyzes and designs structures that will safely bear or resist  forces, such as gravity, wind, temperature and pressure.

    3-10 Live load -the dynamic or moving weight, such as vehicles, people, or snow, that has to be carried by a structure.

    3-11- Scale Model - a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object being represented.

    3-12 Shear Force - a force applied to a structure that divides the structure into two sections.

    3-13 Torsion force - is the force applied to the structural member or an object causing one end to twist with respect to the other end.

    3-14 Rivet - a short metal pin or bolt for holding together two plates of metal, its headless end being beaten out or pressed down when in place.

    3-17  Jersey Barrier - A low, reinforced concrete wall wider at the base, tapering vertically to near mid-height, then continuing straight up to its top.

    3-18 Caisson - A bridge foundation, usually embedded in a riverbed by continuously digging out the material within the bed, so that the caisson sinks. 

    3-19 - Manufacturing -  the process of creating finished goods by hand or machine.

    3-20 - Drill Press -A machine tool in which a rotating cutter, usually a twist drill, is pushed into a work piece to produce a hole. 

    3-21 - Belt sander - a sander used in shaping and finishing wood and other materials. It consists of an electric motor that turns a pair of drums on which a continuous loop of sandpaper is mounted.

    3-24 Clamp - a device made of wood or metal that is used to hold two things together tightly.

    3-27 Wood Grain - the direction, texture, or pattern of fibers found in wood. Always sand with the grain.

    3-28 Sandpaper- Heavy paper coated on one side with sand or other abrasive material and used for smoothing surfaces.

    File - a metalworking, woodworking and plastic working tool used to cut fine amounts of material from a work piece.

    4-4 - Specifications - The detailed description of the design standards of a product, including all necessary drawings, dimensions, environmental factors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, cost, maintenance that will be needed, quality, safety, documentation and description.

    4-7 Pilot hole - a narrow hole drilled or punched into a surface, to facilitate the insertion of a wider screw, nail, drill bit, or other fastener.

    4- 8 Interchangeable Parts - individual pieces of a machine are produced identically, creating a  final product that is identical to others.

    4-9 Commodities - are raw materials used to create the products consumers buy, from food to furniture, to gasoline or petrol. Commodities include agricultural products such as wheat and cattle, energy products such as oil and natural gas, and metals such as gold, silver, and aluminum.